MAT 123: Calculus 2

Oh I hope it is not too late to register — I’ll be happy to pay any late fees because I desperately want to take PHY 302.  I’ve got to learn those three laws!  I’ve just been so distracted with the holidays.  Happy New Year to the class.  Jeff, good luck at Queens. 

Leslie

I just want to confirm my class selection. I commented on the correct class and another class by accident. I joined steven’s class on December 21st

PHY 302: Concepts and Ideas
Physics Majors Only
Professor: Isaac Newton
Course Description: This Calculus based Physics course is running for the first time in the Spring 2008 Semester. This is an advanced physics course covers the in-depth examination of some of Isaacs best known discoveries and the abstract philosophy leading to these outstanding discoveries. These concepts include the three laws of motion. Consisting of the law of inertia, the mathematical harmony between force, acceleration and mass (F=MA), as well as the nature of action and reaction. As well as his discovery of gravitational force all published in his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathamatica. Professor Newton is an outstanding Professor who truly shows a great understanding of the correlation between abstract thought and mathematics. Also as the founder of calculus students will practice a number of numerical computations to determine answers for the problems presented in class and on tests. He guarantees students will walk away with a new understanding and appreciation for both calculus and physics, though he wants to remind all of his prospective students there is no plagiarism in this class penalties will be similar to that of William Chaloner.

Isles878. Newtonian View. 5 November 2007. December 15 2007 <http:www.wordpress.com>.

Karim. When an Apple Falls. 2 November 2007. 16 December 2007 <http:www.wordpress.com>.

Shiftingshadows. A Newtonian Resume. 6 November 2007. 15 December 2007

Sweetgrl146. Newton. 2 November 2007. 16 December 2007 <http:www.wordpress.com>.

I would like to take a mathematics course with Pierre de Fermat. The course would focus on problem solving in various topics such as calculus and algebra. An analytical look at how to approach equations and numbers will be used to help students when they are trying to prove their own theorems in the future. Although Fermat is more of an amature mathematician, The greatest amateur mathematician he possessed the creative mind which was able to contribute to the creation of calculus way before many who are credited with discovering it were even born. In his time he might have been considered a lawyer much more so than a mathematician, but his mark in history will always be in his advancement of modern calculus.

I want to take a physics course with Sir Isaac Newton as an instructor. The three most noted works I found in the blog were: 1) The light is able to be refracted into a spectrum of different colors (Newton). 2) Philosophiae naturalis principia mathamatica, in which Newton described the universal gravitation and the three laws of motion (When an apple falls…), which are the law of inertia, force equals mass times acceleration, and action and reaction (Newton). 3) The creation of calculus (Newtonian View). The course will include three different experiments whose purposes will be to prove each of the three laws of motion, building a reflecting telescope as the one Newton built, an introduction to calculus, and, at the end of the course, and only with those who have shown good performance, a field trip to an apple orchard, so that we can conduct an experiment in which we can determine the earth’s gravity, using apples in the trials. I want this scientist to teach these topics because he was the one who discovered the phenomenons I have described in this paragraph, and thus he would be the most competent to teach them.

 References:

Isles878. Newtonian View. 5 November 2007. Dec. 11 2007 <http:www.wordpress.com>.

Karim. When an Apple Falls. 2 November 2007. 11 Dec. 2007 <http:www.wordpress.com>.

Sweetgrl146. Newton. 2 November 2007. 11 Dec. 2007 <http:www.wordpress.com>.

Course Name:  Differential and Integral Calculus:  An Overview

Professor:  Gottfried Leibniz

Course Description:  This course will introduce students to calculus and its uses.  It will define derivatives as a measurement of how a function changes as its input values change and will demonstrate how to calculate derivatives using modern notation (originally developed by Professor Leibniz).  It will define integrals, put simply, as the area under a curve (the linear representation of a function) and between two input points of the function.  Most importantly, it will show the relationship between derivatives and integrals through the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus which Professor Leibniz discovered (simultaneously with Newton, but independently).  The first part of this theorem shows that indefinite integration can be reversed by differentiation.  The second part shows that a definite integral of a function can be computed by using its antiderivatives.  Professor Leibniz will demonstrate methods of calculating derivatives and integrals using techniques such as the product rule (which he, again, invented).  The course will only touch on the concepts of limits and infinite series as the rigorous use of these ideas only developed after Professor Leibniz’ time. 

Publication by Professor Leibniz related to course:   “New Method for Maximums and Minimums” 1684

Works Cited:

“Calculus.” En.Wikipedia.org. 15 Nov.2007. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 15 Nov. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus>.

“Derivative.” En.Wikipedia.org. 12 Nov.2007. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 15 Nov. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative>.

Glass, Richard. Mat 123: Calculus2. Course home page. Sept. 2007-Dec. 2007. Nov. 2007. Dept. of Mathematics, Nassau Community College.  15 Nov. 2007 http://mat123calc2.wordpress.com/. “I am Willy Leibniz.” 2 Nov. 2007 steevnz kollaz. “Von leibniz.” 5 nov. 2007 docvanwinklen.

“Gottfried Leibniz.” En.Wikipedia.org. 15 Nov.2007. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 15 Nov. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz.>

 “Integral.” En.Wikipedia.org. 15 Nov.2007. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 15 Nov. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral>.

Course Name:  Differential and Integral Calculus:  An Overview

Professor:  Gottfried Leibniz

Course Description:  This course will introduce students to calculus and its uses.  It will define derivatives as a measurement of how a function changes as its input values change and will demonstrate how to calculate derivatives using modern notation (originally developed by Professor Leibniz).  It will define integrals, put simply, as the area under a curve (the linear representation of a function) and between two input points of the function.  Most importantly, it will show the relationship between derivatives and integrals through the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus which Professor Leibniz discovered (simultaneously with Newton, but independently).  The first part of this theorem shows that indefinite integration can be reversed by differentiation.  The second part shows that a definite integral of a function can be computed by using its antiderivatives.  Professor Leibniz will demonstrate methods of calculating derivatives and integrals using techniques such as the product rule (which he, again, invented).  The course will only touch on the concepts of limits and infinite series as the rigorous use of these ideas only developed after Professor Leibniz’ time. 

Publication by Professor Leibniz related to course:   “New Method for Maximums and Minimums” 1684

Works Cited:

“Calculus.” En.Wikipedia.org. 15 Nov.2007. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 15 Nov. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus>.

“Derivative.” En.Wikipedia.org. 12 Nov.2007. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 15 Nov. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative>.

Glass, Richard. Mat 123: Calculus2. Course home page. Sept. 2007-Dec. 2007. Nov. 2007. Dept. of Mathematics, Nassau Community College.  15 Nov. 2007 http://mat123calc2.wordpress.com/. “I am Willy Leibniz.” 2 Nov. 2007 steevnz kollaz. “Von leibniz.” 5 nov. 2007 docvanwinklen.

“Gottfried Leibniz.” En.Wikipedia.org. 15 Nov.2007. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 15 Nov. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz.>

 “Integral.” En.Wikipedia.org. 15 Nov.2007. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 15 Nov. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral>.

                    I, Pierre de Fermat, was born in 1601 in Beaumont-de-Lomagne, France. As a son of flourishing leather merchant, I had no difficulty to become a successful lawyer. As you probably know, I never became a professional mathematician. However, facing mathematical challenge was the most interesting part of my life. 

                 I received my law degree from the University of Orleans and served as councilor to parliament beginning in 1634. However, as I mentioned, my real passion was on the mathematics. I am not saying I didn’t do my full responsibility for my law career. However, my best interests was on challenging mathematical problems to kill time because I didn’t have anything like PSP or Nintendo DS at that time. However, I am pretty sure even the great Newton should be thankful for me what so-called “amateur mathematician” achieved even 10 years before Newton was born. I am given credit for the development of modern calculus and the discovery of an original method of finding the greatest and the smallest ordinates of curved lines, which is analogous to that of the then unknown differential calculus, as well as my research into the theory of numbers.

               It is just too much to mention how much that I discovered and proved to help people who study mathematics. Although I carefully studied, and drew inspiration from Diophantus, I began a different tradition. Diophantus was content to find a single solution to my equations, even if it were an undesired fractional one. I was interested only in integer solutions to my diophantine equations, and I looked for all possible solutions. I also often proved that certain equations had no solution, which usually baffled my contemporaries.

              One thing I can definitely talk about is the proof technique of infinite descent, and a factorization method which has been named for me. I also developed the two-square theorem, and the polygonal number theorem, which states that each number is a sum of three triangular numbers, four square numbers, five pentagonal numbers, and so on.                  

              However, the funniest part of my life was that I was indulgent for proving my theories for my posterity. When I was writing so-called the last theorem of Fermat, there wasn’t enough space to write down every single formula to prove, I felt bothered to look for empty papers. As you know, I was just the amateur mathematician who have been doing mathematics for fun, though it was kind of maniac from the ordinary people’s point of view.

             My last theorem, “the equationxⁿ + yⁿ = zⁿ has no whole number solutions for n > 2. If n = 2.” However, as I remember, I said that ““I have a truly marvelous proof of this proposition which this margin is too narrow to contain.” I didn’t know it would torture that many following mathematicians for three consecutive centuries. However, I am really glad that the guy, Andrew Wiles made a footnote to prove my theorem in 1994 and finally improved and corrected in 1997. I can’t believe how ignorant the modern mathematicians are for taking so much time to prove my theory.    

My name is Sir Isaac Newton. I was born on January 4^th, 1643. I began my schooling at The King’s School, in Grantham, and then moved on to Trinity College, in Cambridge. Unfortunately, this was not to last for long as the school closed due to fear of the plague. I then began to work at home on calculus, optics, and the law of gravitation.

My greatest work is the Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. It contains my greatest scientific discoveries, from my three universal laws of motion, to the idea of universal gravitation. I dare say my work is rather exceptional, I predict it will be at least 100 years before anyone finds a way to improve upon my work!

I have many other accomplishments in addition to the Principia. I discovered that light has an inherent color; meaning that when we see light, we’re seeing the already-colored light, not the result of objects generating the color. I discovered that light and physical bodies are one in the same, and can be converted into one another. Using this knowledge, I created a spectacular reflecting telescope.

Of all my accomplishments, the one which proves beyond a doubt my ability to persevere and achieve results is the hanging of William Chaloner. Chaloner dared to accuse the mint of providing tools to counterfeiters while I was Warden of the Royal Mint. I investigated Chaloner, found him to be involved in counterfeiting, and put him on trial. This ultimately failed because Chaloner had friends in high places. However, I went out and found conclusive evidence, tried him again, and saw him hanged. I also solved the problem of “coin clipping”, which is taking some of the gold or silver from the edge of a coin.

My other noteworthy achievements include being Master of the Mint from 1699 to 1727, named president of the Royal Society in 1703, and an associate of Acedemie des sciences. I was a member of parliament from 1689 to 1690 and in 1701. I was also knighted by Queen Anne in 1705. While I have had the great fortune to accomplish so many things, I know that if I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.

Works Cited

David, Leonard. “Newton, Isaac.” Space Sciences. Ed. Pat Dasch. Vol. 2: Planetary Science and Astronomy. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. 119. 4 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Thomson Gale. Nassau Community College Library - SUNY. 4 Nov. 2007
<http://find.galegroup.com/gvrl/infomark.do?&contentSet=EBKS&type=retrieve&tabID=T001&prodId=GVRL&docId=CX3408800162&source=gale&userGroupName=sunynassau&version=1.0>.

Bassett, David A. “Newton, Isaac.” Chemistry: Foundations and Applications. Ed. J. J. Lagowski. Vol. 3. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. 144-145. 4 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Thomson Gale. Nassau Community College Library - SUNY. 4 Nov. 2007
<http://find.galegroup.com/gvrl/infomark.do?&contentSet=EBKS&type=retrieve&tabID=T001&prodId=GVRL&docId=CX3400900345&source=gale&userGroupName=sunynassau&version=1.0>.

“Isaac Newton.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 4 November 2007. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 30 October 2007. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_newton>

Mmmm where to start, best at the beginning hello my name is Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz I was born June 21^st 1646 but was later changed to July 1^st because of the new calendar system. I was born Leipzig, Germany to Friedrich Leibniz and Catherina Schmuck my father was a Professor of Moral Philosophy. He died when I was 6 years so my education was through his papers and books he left me. At the age of 14 I studied at the university Leipzig were my father had been a professor I graduated with a law degree at the age of 20.

                At this point in my life my upmost goal was a job so I started work as a salaried alchemist even though had no idea what I was doing. Then through Johann Christian von Boineburg I was appointed Assessor in the Court of Appeal by Elector of Mainz in 1669. After the death of von Boineburg I made it my goal to protect German speaking land from the French king, Louie XIV I had formulated a plan to distract the French which involved sending them the after Egypt and then the Dutch east indies. In the process of selling the plan to the French I met many intellects that shaped my later being, Nicolas Malebranche, Antoine Arnauld top French philosophers, mathematician Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus a fellow German and Dutch physicist and mathematician Christiaan Huygens. Through Huygens I realized that my math was poor and with his help I greatly improved my mathematical skill. I was later sent to England were I met Henry Oldenburg and John Collins as well as being made a member of the royal society for the calculus machine I made. I retuned Mainz because of the death of the elector in 1672 the same year von Boineburg died.

                I spent 4 years be for arriving at my next position as Counselor to the Duke of Brunswick in Hanover and I have been working for the family ever since. I find myself studying and righting all the time there is very little to do for the duke so he gives my free rein on my interest. I study philosophy, mathematics, physics, European history, linguistics, and geology just to name a few. In mathematics I worked out the integral and the differential others had used similar meatheads for solving geometry problems my system was more grounded and could solve more problems by using the infinitesimals. Another accomplishment I had in mathematics was with probabilities and the creation of the binary system    

Works cited:

Garber, Daniel, and Roger Ariew. “Introduction: Leibniz and the Sciences.” Perspectives on Science (Spring-Summer 1998):1(1).General Onefile. Gale. Nassau Community College Library   http://find.galegroup.com/itx/start.do?prodId=IoF

Josseph, Douglas M. “Leibniz on the foundation of Calculus: the Question of the Reality of Infinitesimal Magnitudes.” Perspective on Science (Spring-Summer 1998): 6(1). General Onefile. Gale Nassau Community College Library                                                http://find.galegroup.com/itx/start.do?prodId=ITOF                

http://www.wikipedia.org/ “Gottfried Leibniz.”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz

My name is Isaac Newton. I am a scientist of all kinds of study, such as physics, mathematics, optics, and alchemy, among others. I have advanced the knowledge and understanding in those fields of study greatly and am perhaps more responsible for the evolution of science in the past 400 years than any other person.

I was born in 1642 on Christmas day in Lincolnshire, England. At the age of 12 I went to The King’s School, Grantham until my graduation at the age of 18.

In 1661 I began my study at Trinity College, Cambridge and completed my degree in April of 1665. During my study I became interested in the general binomial theorem and began work on my own mathematical ideas, which later became known as calculus. Due to the great plague, the next two years I returned home to study on my own in which I researched some of the topics I am better known for. One of which, the principle of gravity, came from an apple falling from a tree and hitting me on the head. In 1667 I returned to Cambridge to complete my masters degree and eventually gained a position as professor of mathematics at the age of 27.

In my major work, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica, known by most as principia, I had published many of my ideas. In it I introduced universal law of gravity and my laws of motion, both in the mathematical and physical sense. In mathematics I am credited with creating calculus, although Gottfried Leibniz has also claimed that he had discovered it at the same time. In optics I have discovered properties of the reflection and refraction of light. In 1703 I was made the President of the Royal Society, an academy of sciences in the United Kingdom.

I believe that God has designed a universe that should be explored and understood. For this reason I have dedicated my life to doing just that.

Works Cited

Koth, Philip Edward, and William Arthur Atkins. “Newton, Sir

Isaac.” Mathematics. Ed. Barry Max Brandenberger, Jr. Vol. 3. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. 75-76. 4 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Thomson Gale. Nassau Community College Library - SUNY. 5 Nov. 2007
<http://find.galegroup.com/gvrl/infomark.do?&contentSet=EBKS&type=retrieve&tabID=T001&prodId=GVRL&docId=CX3407500208&source=gale&userGroupName=sunynassau&version=1.0

“Newton, Isaac.” Wikipedia.org. 30 Oct. 2007. Wikipedia Foundation, Inc. 2 Nov. 07

            < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_newton >.

“Sir Isaac Newton.” Encyclopedia of World Biography. Vol. 11. 2nd

ed. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 369-372. 23 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Thomson Gale. Nassau Community College Library - SUNY. 5 Nov. 2007 
<http://find.galegroup.com/gvrl/infomark.do?&contentSet=EBKS&type=retrieve&tabID=T001&prodId=GVRL&docId=CX3404704744&source=gale&userGroupName=sunynassau&version=1.0>.

Blogs allow an author to categorize their posts.  Categories act like sections in a newspaper (National News, Sports, etc).  This allows readers to focus on those sections that interest them.  As more and more post, it becomes more difficult to find specific entries or posts.

To help you (and more important, me) to find information / posts, I have added categories for Instructions and Battle of The Mind and a subcategory Part1. 

When posting, please be sure to select the right category of your post.  If you forget, you can always Edit your post and change the category.

RESUME OF LEONHARD EULER

            I, Leonhard Euler, was born on April 15, 1707 in Basel, Switzerland.  At age 13, I began my studies at the University of Basel and also studied privately with Johann Bernoulli.  In 1723 I received my M. Phil having completed a dissertation comparing the philosophies of Descartes and Newton.  I received my Ph.D. in 1726 with a dissertation on the propagation of sound. 

            In 1727 I became a professor of physiology at the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, Russia.  Three years later I moved to the physics department and in 1733 was promoted to the position of director of the Department of Mathematics (my true love).  In the 14 years that I worked at the Academy of Sciences, I published about 90 works on subjects ranging from pure math to lunar theory. 

            In 1741 Frederick the Great invited me to become the Director of Mathematics at the Berlin Academy.  I stayed there for 25 years during which time I published about 380 articles and tutored the Princess of Anhalt-Dessau, the niece of Frederick the Great.

            In 1766 I returned, as Director, to the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg and published over 400 works while there.   

            I have published roughly 900 papers, memoirs, and books over the course of my career. Some highlights of my academic work are as follows:  In 1936, I wrote Mechanica which applied mathematical analysis to Newtonian particle dynamics. I invented the calculus of variation and to introduce it, in 1744, wrote The Art of Finding Curves Which Possess Some Property of Maximum or Minimum.   This is a general method of understanding the form of a curve which deals with maxima and minima of definite integrals and permits determination of the shortest distance between 2 points on a curved surface.  In 1748 I wrote Introductio in analysin infinitorum, which explains exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions, and their relationships.  Between 1755 and 1770 I published three volumes on differential and integral calculus which were seminal:  Institutiones calculi differentialis and Institutiones calculi integralis.  As a result of my instruction of the Princess of Anhalt-Dessau, I published Lettres a une Princesse d’Allemagne.  These were 234 letters, accessible to non-experts, about philosophy and natural sciences covering subjects ranging from mechanics, to physical optics, to astronomy, to sound.  This volume has become very popular with the public.   In 1770 I wrote Vollstandige Anleitung zur Algebra which dealt with algebra (through cubic and quadratic equations) and number theory.  In addition, I wrote elementary and advanced math textbooks for Russian schools, and a variety of other textbooks on subjects ranging from mechanics, to mathematical analysis, to analytic and differential geometry — all of them eminently readable. 

            My intellectual accomplishments are numerous.  In the area of pure math, I introduced the concept of functions [f(x)], developed the modern notation for trigonometric functions, and defined trigonometric values as ratios.  I named the base of the natural logarithmic function – Euler’s number or “e”.  I created nomenclature for crucial mathematical concepts like summation and imaginary unit (i).  I furthered the use of the letter pi to mean the ratio between a circle’s circumference and its diameter.  I developed power series (sums of infinite numbers of terms) in calculus and discovered power series expansions for “e”.  I discovered the inverse tangent function.  I solved the Basel Problem in 1735 by assuming that properties of finite series hold true for infinite series.  I introduced the use of exponential functions and logarithms in analytic proofs.  I defined logarithms for negative and complex numbers.  I defined exponential functions for complex numbers and proved that “e” is irrational.  I introduced the gamma function.  Through the process of inventing the calculus of variation I developed the Euler-Lagrange equation which is used to solve optimization problems.  I took the first steps in proving Fermat’s Theorem, and proved Newton’s identities.    

            I developed analytic number theory by creating the law of quadratic reciprocity and by making progress toward the prime number theorem.  I developed the first theorem of graph theory by solving the Seven Bridges of Konigsberg problem. 

            I developed ways of using calculus which forever changed physics, astronomy, engineering, orbital mechanics and particle dynamics.  In the area of applied math I created analytic mechanics and developed tools making it easier to apply calculus and differential equations to physical problems like the bending of beams, the safety load of columns, and the effect of stars, comets, moons, etc. on the orbits of planets.  My work led to the development of telescopes and microscopes and improved navigational techniques.  I even developed a theory of the tides.

            Over the course of my life I won the Paris Academy Prize Problem twelve separate times and for development of the calculus of variation was elected to the Royal Society of London and to its Paris Academy.  But my greatest honor was in being known, by my peers as the preeminent mathematician of the 18^th century.

Works Cited

Bell, E. T. Men of Mathematics. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1937.

James, Ioan. Remarkable Mathematicians: From Euler to von Neumann. 2002. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Knight, Judson. “Leonhard Euler.” Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery 4 (2000): 251-252. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. NCC Lib., Garden City, NY. 2 Nov. 2007 <http://infotrac.galegroup.com/‌itweb/‌?db=GVRL>.

“Leonhard Euler.” Encyclopedia of World Biography 5 (2004): 331-332. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. NCC Lib., Garden City, NY. 1 Nov. 2007 <http://infotrac.galegroup.com/‌itweb/‌?db=GVRL>.

“Leonhard Euler.” en.Wikipedia.org. 1 Nov. 2007. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2 Nov. 2007 <http://en.wikipedia.org/‌wiki/‌Euler>.

Lerner, K. Lee. “The Elaboration of the Calculus.” Science and Its Times:Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery 4 (2000): 216-219. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Gale. NCC Lib., Garden City, NY. 2 Nov. 2007 <http://infotrac.galegroup.com/‌ieb/‌?db=GVRL>.

My name is Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, and I was born in 1646 on July 1 in Leipzig, Germany. I am a philosopher and mathematician, even so I foresaw ideas that appeared later in probability theory, linguistic, psychology, physics, information science, biology, geology, and medicine.I am, besides Rene Descartes and Baruch Spinoza, one of the three great rationalists of the 17^th century. By the age of twenty, I wrote a Dissertation on the Art of Combination, which allows me to lecture in philosophy.

In 1676, after specializing in law and taking other required courses such as logic, classics, theology, mathematics and the New natural philosophy of the Enlightenment, I received a doctorate of law-although my mathematical knowledge was below the French and British standards.

I discovered, working separately from Isaac Newton, the infinitesimal calculus and I created the notation that is used in calculus today, and I also created the binary number system that is used today on most computers.

The Royal Society made a external member after they were awed by a calculating machine I showed them that was capable of performing more complex mathematical operations than the earlier calculating machine created by Blaise Pascal.

Even though I wrote numerous articles and one book, the Théodicée, there are still several other articles unpublished.

The first position I held was as an alchemist, in Nuremberg. Nonetheless, in 1669 I was chosen Assessor in the Court of Appeal. In 1672, the French government invited me to Paris to discuss a plan I created (what they did not know was that I only wanted to protect Germany by distracting their king, Louis XIV of France). In Paris, I met the physicist and mathematician Christiaan Huygens, who taugh me the mathematics skills that led me to invent a version of the differential and integral calculus; and I met the mathematician Ehrenfreid Walther von Tschirnhaus, who became one of my closest friends. In 1674, I moved to Hanover to work in the house of Brunswick, in which I earned a generous salary and I had more time available to pursue my own interests.

I influenced other philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and Edmund Husserl, the mathematician Bernhard Riemann, the quantum physicist David Bohm, I founded the Berlin Academy of Sciences because I strongly believe that scientists should cooperate with one another, and in 1985, the German government established the Leibniz Prize, which awards the world’s largest reward for scientific accomplishments.

Works cited:

http://www.wikipedia.org/ “Gottfried Leibniz.”

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz>

Arrroyo, Christopher. “Leibniz, G. W..” Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics. 2005. Gale Virtual Reference Library

<http://ezproxy.ncc.edu:2224/gvrl/start.do?prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=sunynassau>

“Leibniz or Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von.” The Columbia Encyclopedia. The Columbia University Press, 2000. 22481. General OneFile. Gale. Nassau Community College Library - SUNY. 2 Nov. 2007

<http://find.galegroup.com/itx/start.do?prodId=ITOF>.

My name is Isaac Newton. I am a natural mathematician and philosopher. I am also called the greatest English scientist and the father of modern empirical science. I was born on Christmas day which is 25 December, 1642 in the manor house at Woolsthrope.

In 1654 I was sent to King’s school which was run by Henry Stokes. I studied at King’s school from the age of about twelve until seventeen. At the age of eighteen I achieved an admirable final grade.

In June 1661, I was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge. During those times, the teachings were based on Greek philosophers. However, I preferred to read more enhanced ideas of modern philosophers such as Descartes and astronomers such as Galileo, Copernicus and Kepler. In 1665, I got my bachelor’s degree from Cambridge. Unfortunately, I got this bachelor’s degree without honors or distinction.

In 1666, I discovered gravity. It just happened out of no where, I was seating under a tree. Suddenly an apple fell on my head. For most people this would be the end of the story. Nevertheless, for me it wasn’t the end of the story. I started pondering and thinking how does the apple fall down. Does everything fall? Can anything stop the things from falling? I spent many years trying to answer these questions. Later, I discovered the force of gravity. Anything that falls down from top to bottom is the cause of gravity. Furthermore, the law of gravity does not only define how things fall on earth, but it also defines how planets move around the sun and how the moons move around the planets.

In 1687, I published a book called philosophiae naturalis principia mathamatica. In this book I described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion.

In mechanics I talked about the principles of conservation of momentum and angular momentum. In optics, I invented the reflecting telescope and developed a theory of color based on the examination that a prism decomposes white light into a visible spectrum. In mathematics, I share my acknowledgment with Gottfried Leibniz for the enhancement of Calculus. Also, I established the basic binomial theorem. I also discovered a method of approximating the zeroes of a function, and contributed to the study of power series now commonly known as the Newton’s Method.

WORK CITED.

Craigen, Dough. “Isaac Newton Short Stories.” Eureked Stories. 2004. 1

November 2007. <http://www.dctech.com/eureka/short-

stories/newton.php>

Hatch, Robert A. “Sir Isaac Newton.” Professor Robert A. Hatch The Scientific

Revolution Homepage. January 2002. 1 November 1998.

< http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/01-Courses/current-courses/08sr-newton.htm>

“Isaac Newton.” Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia. 30 October 2007. Wikimedia

Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 1 November 2007.

< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton>

Reilly, Susan P. “Isaac Newton, Sir” Dictionary of Literary Biography. 2001.

Literature Resource Centre. Gale Group Database. NCC Lib., Garden City,

NY. 1 November 2007.

<http://ezproxy.ncc.edu:2055/servlet/LitRC?vrsn=3&OP=contains&locID=sunynassau&srchtp=athr&ca=1&c=1&ste=6&tab=1&tbst=arp&ai=U13026148&n=10&docNum=H1200010551&ST=isaac+newton&bConts=2703>

My name is Isaac Newton, I was born January 4, 1643 (OS: December 25, 1642) on a farm in Woolsthorpe, England. I currently reside in London where I m presently working as a comptroller (a person that supervises the cash flow in an organization). As a young boy I was educated at The King’s School in Grantham. I attended that school from the age of about 12 until I was 17. I unfortunately had to stop attending the school because my mother wanted to make a farmer out of me. I of course did not like the idea but went forth with my mother’s wishes. Thankfully, Henry Stokes, the head director of The King’s School, persuaded my mother to allow me to go back to school and finish my education. I was able to achieve many academic accomplishments in that school which later helped me flourish later on in life.            

I was then accepted to Trinity College in Cambridge so that I may further my education. In 1665, at the age of 23, I was able to come up with a binomial theorem and began to develop a mathematically theory. I was able to obtain a degree from that school that same year. Unfortunately, as a precaution to the Great Plague, the university closed down.             I can honestly say I had somewhat of a great influence in the mathematical world. I was after all, the first to use power series and be able to revert them as well. I also found a new formula for calculating pi and was the first to use fractional indices and to employ coordinate geometry to derive solutions to Diophantine equations. In 1969 I was proud to be elected Lucasion Professor of Mathematics. Yet due to my religious stance, I was in conflict with the requirements of that title, so I argued that I should be exempt from this and Charles II agreed to my argument, which of course led to conflict between my religious views and Anglican orthodoxy.           

For about two years, in 1670 until 1672, I worked by lecturing others on optics. I was able to inform them on my discoveries on light. Light is able to be refracted into a spectrum of different colors. From this work I was then able to make a telescope which allowed me to view things without having the dispersion of light into colors, thus, enabling people to view a clear image, not a distorted one.            

I also played a role in the world of mechanics, and still play a role since my theories have since lived on. I was able to come up with my three laws of motion. The three laws of motion consist as the law of inertia, F=MA (where acceleration is dependent upon the net force acting on an object and inversely related to its mass), and action and reaction. I was also capable to discover the force of gravity.                  

Works Cited   

“Isaac Newton.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 30 October 2007, 22:33GNC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2 Nov. 2007.  

<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_newton#_note-OSNS>.  

Koth, Philip Edward, and William Arthur Atkins. “Newton, Sir Isaac.” Mathematics. Ed. Barry Max Brandenberger, Jr. Vol. 3. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. 75-76. 4 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Thomson Gale. Nassau Community College Library - SUNY. 2 Nov. 2007  <http://find.galegroup.com/gvrl/infomark.do?&contentSet=EBKS&type=retrieve&tabID=T001&prodId=GVRL&docId=CX3407500208&source=gale&userGroupName=sunynassau&version=1.0> NORTON,

STEPHEN D. “Sir Isaac Newton.” Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery. Eds. Josh Lauer and Neil Schlager. Vol. 3: 1450 To 1699. Detroit: Gale, 2001. 378-379. 8 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Thomson Gale. Nassau Community College Library - SUNY. 2 Nov. 2007 <http://find.galegroup.com/gvrl/infomark.do?&contentSet=EBKS&type=retrieve&tabID=T001&prodId=GVRL&docId=CX3408501391&source=gale&userGroupName=sunynassau&version=1.0>.

The symbol for a newton is N.

1 N = 1 kg*m/second squared

The resume in narrative format can be found here:

Newton’s Resume (narrative format)

The resume in traditional format can be found here:

Newton’s Resume (traditional format)

amkarim - Newton

briancreon - Fermat

docvanwinklen - Liebniz

eyup86 - Euler

forhide - Fermat

lgbfan - Newton

maisey55 - Euler

naomie1me - Fermat

steevnzkollaz - Liebniz

sweetgrl146 - Newton

sderenthal - Euler

shiftingshadows - Newton

johns06 - Leibniz

yungking - Fermat

jexpo - Euler

atandroid911 - Leibniz

isles878 - Newton

makethemsaywow - Fermat

See the homework on the left hand side of the blog.

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Dr. Glass